what herbs have god giving us to heal blood pressure
Pharmacogn Rev. 2011 Jan-Jun; 5(nine): 30–40.
Role of natural herbs in the treatment of hypertension
Nahida Tabassum
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J & K-190 006, India
Feroz Ahmad
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J & K-190 006, Bharat
Received 2010 Jul 31; Revised 2010 Sep 19
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is the medical term for high blood pressure. It is dangerous considering it makes the heart work too hard and contributes to atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries), also increasing the take a chance of middle disease and stroke. HTN tin also lead to other conditions such as congestive heart failure, kidney disease, and blindness. Conventional antihypertensives are usually associated with many side effects. Nearly 75 to lxxx% of the world population apply herbal medicines, mainly in developing countries, for primary health care because of their better acceptability with human being torso and lesser side furnishings. In the concluding 3 decades, a lot of concerted efforts have been channeled into researching the local plants with hypotensive and antihypertensive therapeutic values. The hypotensive and antihypertensive effects of some of these medicinal plants accept been validated and others disproved. However, ayurvedic cognition needs to be coupled with modern medicine and more scientific enquiry needs to be done to verify the effectiveness, and elucidate the safety contour of such herbal remedies for their antihypertensive potential.
Keywords: Antihypertensive, herbs, hypotensive, hypertension, medicinal plants
INTRODUCTION
Hypertension (HTN) or loftier claret force per unit area (BP) is a chronic medical condition in which the BP in the arteries is elevated. Information technology is classified equally either primary (essential) or secondary. About xc to 95% of cases are termed primary HTN, which refers to high BP for which no medical crusade tin be constitute.[one] The remaining v to 10% of cases, chosen secondary HTN, are caused by other conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, centre, or endocrine system.[two]
Persistent HTN is 1 of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks, heart failure, and arterial aneurysm, and is a leading cause of chronic kidney failure.[3] Moderate elevation of arterial BP leads to shortened life expectancy. Both dietary and lifestyle changes also as medicines can ameliorate BP control and subtract the chance of associated health complications.
CLASSIFICATION
HTN is commonly classified based on the systolic and diastolic BPs. Systolic BP is the BP in vessels during a heartbeat. Diastolic BP is the pressure between heartbeats. A systolic or the diastolic BP measurement higher than the accepted normal values for the age of the individual is classified as pre-HTN or HTN.
HTN has several subclassifications including, HTN phase I, HTN phase II, and isolated systolic HTN. Isolated systolic HTN refers to elevated systolic force per unit area with normal diastolic force per unit area and is common in the elderly. These classifications are made after averaging a patient's resting BP readings taken on two or more office visits. Individuals older than 50 years are classified as having HTN if their BP is consistently at least 140 mmHg systolic or xc mmHg diastolic. Patients with BP s higher than 130/eighty mmHg with concomitant presence of diabetes or kidney affliction require farther treatment. HTN is likewise classified as resistant if medications practise not reduce BP to normal levels.[4] Exercise HTN is an excessively high elevation in BP during practice.[5] The range considered normal for systolic values during exercise is betwixt 200 and 230 mmHg.[6] Practise HTN may point that an individual is at chance for developing HTN at rest.[7]
CAUSES
Essential Hypertension
Essential HTN is the most prevalent type of HTN, affecting 90 to 95% of hypertensive patients.[1] Although no direct cause has identified itself, there are many factors such as sedentary lifestyle, stress, visceral obesity, potassium deficiency (hypokalemia),[viii] obesity,[9] (more than 85% of cases occur in those with a body mass index greater than 25),[ten] salt (sodium) sensitivity,[11] alcohol intake,[12] and vitamin D deficiency that increase the risk of developing HTN.[13] Run a risk besides increases with aging,[14] some inherited genetic mutations,[15] and having a family history of HTN.[sixteen] An superlative of renin, an enzyme secreted by the kidney, is another risk factor,[17] as is sympathetic nervous organization over activity.[18] Insulin resistance, which is a component of syndrome 10, or the metabolic syndrome, is also idea to contribute to HTN. Consuming foods that comprise high fructose corn syrup may increase 1's gamble of developing HTN.[19]
Secondary hypertension
Secondary HTN past definition results from an identifiable cause. This type is important to recognize since information technology is treated differently than essential HTN, by treating the underlying cause of the elevated BP. HTN results compromise or imbalance of the pathophysiological mechanisms, such as the hormone-regulating endocrine arrangement, that regulate blood plasma volume and heart role. Many conditions cause HTN. Some are mutual and well-recognized secondary causes such as Cushing'due south syndrome, which is a condition where the adrenal glands overproduce the hormone cortisol.[xx] In addition, HTN is caused by other weather condition that cause hormone changes such equally hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and adrenal gland cancer. Other mutual causes of secondary HTN include kidney illness, obesity/metabolic disorder, pre-eclampsia during pregnancy, the congenital defect known every bit coarctation of the aorta, and certain prescription and illegal drugs.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Most of the mechanisms associated with secondary HTN are generally fully understood. However, those associated with essential (master) HTN are far less understood. What is known is that cardiac output is raised early in the disease form, with normal total peripheral resistance (TPR). Over time, cardiac output drops to normal levels, but TPR is increased. The post-obit three theories accept been proposed to explicate this:
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Inability of the kidneys to excrete sodium, resulting in natriuretic factors such equally atrial natriuretic factor existence secreted to promote salt excretion with the side consequence of raising TPR.
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An overactive renin-angiotensin organization leads to vasoconstriction and retention of sodium and water. The increase in claret volume leads to HTN.[21]
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An overactive sympathetic nervous organization, leading to increased stress responses.[22]
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It is too known that HTN is highly heritable and polygenic (caused past more than than one gene) and a few candidate genes have been postulated in the etiology of this status.[23]
Recently, work related to the association betwixt essential HTN and sustained endothelial impairment has gained popularity amongst HTN scientists. It remains unclear all the same whether endothelial changes precede the evolution of HTN or whether such changes are mainly due to long-continuing elevated BPs.
HTN is a major independent adventure factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Each increase of xx mmHg in systolic BP and 10 mmHg in diastolic BP, over the range of 115/75 to 185/115 mmHg, doubles the risk of a fatal coronary upshot.
The American Heart Association and other organizations are now calling for more aggressive BP goals for many people with HTN, in club to reduce these adverse outcomes. The commonly used agents used for the treatment of HTN are mentioned in Tabular array 1.
Table 1
Conventional medicines used in the treatment of hypertension
In the last 3 decades, a lot of concerted efforts have been channeled into researching into local plants with hypotensive and antihypertensive therapeutic values. The hypotensive and antihypertensive effects of some of these medicinal plants have been validated and others disproved.
Attempts by the low-income group, particularly the rural dwellers in the developing countries, to command HTN and its bellboy complications in the face of the scarce socioeconomic resources, take led more people opting for herbal remedy.[24] However, more scientific inquiry needs to be washed to verify the effectiveness and elucidate the safety profile of such herbal remedies. This review provides an introduction of the naturally occurring medicinal plants that take so far been scientifically studied and reported to have hypotensive or antihypertensive effects.
Naturally occurring medicinal plants, herbs having hypotensive/antihypertensive potential
Agathosma betulina
(Family: Rutaceae; Mutual name: Buchu). It is a South African medicinal plant and has been used by the indigenous people of the area for centuries to treat wider ailments. It is an effective diuretic and anti-inflammatory amanuensis. Early on Dutch settlers used buchu to brand a brandy tincture, which is still used today to treat many disorders.[25]
Allium sativum
(Family: Alliaceae or Liliaceae; Common name: Garlic). Garlic has long been used for a diverseness of cardiovascular atmospheric condition, peculiarly hyperlipidemia. It has also been reported to have hypotensive action. Information technology is idea to increase nitric oxide production, resulting in smooth musculus relaxation and vasodilatation. One of the primary active compounds that gives garlic its characteristic odor and many of its healing benefits is called allicin. Meta-analysis of randomly chosen literary data has demonstrated that garlic is related to decrease of BP in patients with increased systolic pressure level, but not in patients without increased systolic pressure.[26] Garlic preparations take been establish to be superior to placebo in reducing BP in individuals with HTN.[27] The antioxidative and antihypertensive outcome of garlic has been observed in xx patients with HTN compared to 20 patients with normal force per unit area, who accept been receiving garlic pearls grooming for a period of two months. The results accept revealed decreased BP, significant reduction of 8-hydroxy-two-deoxyguanosin, level of nitric oxide, and lipid peroxidation, and an increased level of antioxidative vitamins (C and E). This study points to the beneficial cardioprotective activeness of garlic in essential HTN.[28]
Annona muricata
(Family: Annonaceae; Mutual proper name: Prickly Custard apple). A. muricata is a fellow member of the family unit of custard apple trees called Annonaceae and a species of the genus Annona, known generally for its edible fruits Annona. The tree grows natively in the Caribbean and Central America. The leaf excerpt of the plant has been reported to lower an elevated BP by decreasing the peripheral vascular resistance.[29]
Apium graveolens
(Family: Apiaceae; Common name: Celery). According to Chinese theory, Celery is constructive for HTN because it acts upon the liver; one type of HTN is associated with liver. In Mainland China, celery was useful in reducing HTN in 14 of 16 patients. The juice was mixed with equal amount of honey and about 8 ounces were taken orally three times each twenty-four hour period for up to one week.[30] Information technology has likewise been reported to reduce systolic and diastolic BP. The divergence of BP in human beings before and subsequently treatment has been found to exist significant (P<0.05), indicating that seeds of A. graveolens can be used equally a safe and effective treatment of loftier BP.[31] Fresh celery juice can be mixed with vinegar to relieve dizziness and headache and shoulder pain associated with HTN. It is also administered in HTN associated with pregnancy and climacteric.[25]
Aristolochia manshuriensis
(Family: Aristolochiaceae; Common name: Guan Mu Tong). This Chinese establish is being used as a diuretic and antiphlogistic for the handling of edema and rheumatic hurting. The extract of this plant has been reported to contain aristolochic acrid, aristoloside, magnoflorine, oleanolic acrid, hederagenin, and tannins. Magnoflorine has been found to possess hypotensive properties.[32]
Artocarpus altilis
(Family unit: Moraceae; Common proper name: Breadfruit). The plant is native to the Malay Peninsula and western Pacific islands. A study has shown that the leaf extract of the plant decreased the tension of phenylephrine-stimulated isolated guinea pig aorta rings past 15 to 35%.[29]
Avena sativa
(Family unit: Poaceae/Gramineae; Common names: Dietary Fiber, Greenish Oat). A diet containing soluble cobweb-rich whole oats can significantly reduce the need for antihypertensive medication and improve BP control. Considering the lipid and glucose improvements as well, increased consumption of whole oats may significantly reduce cardiovascular disease risk.[33] The addition of oat cereals to the normal diet of patients with HTN has been found to significantly reduce both systolic and diastolic BP. Soluble cobweb-rich whole oats may be an effective dietary therapy in the prevention and adjunct treatment of HTN.[34]
Blond psyllium
(Family unit: Plantaginaceae; Common proper noun: Indian plantago). Preliminary clinical research shows that taking a B. psyllium (Plantago species) supplement 15 g daily can modestly lower BP; systolic by about 8 mmHg and diastolic by ii mmHg.[33]
Camellia sinensis
(Family: Theaceae; Common name: Tea). There are many potential health benefits from drinking tea. At that place is lots of involvement among researchers on the effect of tea on cardiovascular disease. Enquiry on tea and HTN is contradictory. Enquiry on blackness tea (fermented tea) (Camellia sinensis) shows no result on BP in people with HTN. Population research links consumption of greenish tea (unfermented) (Camellia sinensis) and oolong tea (partially fermented) (Camellia sinensis) with a decreased risk of developing HTN.[35]
Capparis cartilaginea
(Family unit: Capparaceae; Mutual name: Lasaf). It is a prostrate or scrambling shrub found in rocky ground, sometimes hanging from cliffs. It has been reported that crude extract of C. cartilaginea produces a dose-dependent decrease in BP and slight bradycardia in anesthetized rats.[36]
Carum copticum
(Family unit: Umbelliferae; Common proper name: Ajwain). The crude extract of C. copticum (1-30 mg/kg) produces a autumn in BP and heart charge per unit (HR) of anesthetized normotensive (NMT) rats. Hypotension produced is very brief and returns to normal within a minute. At the low dose (upwardly to i mg/kg), the crude excerpt produces negligible modify in the Hr. However, bradycardia has been reported at the college doses (10-xxx mg/kg).[37]
Cassia absus
(Family: Caesalpiniaceae; Common name: Chaksu). This constitute is constitute in the tropical region and is found everywhere in India. It has been reported that an intravenous administration of a crude extract of C. absus produces a dose-related (i-xxx mg/kg) decrease in BP, accompanied with a subtract in Hr at the higher doses (10 and 30 mg/kg). Repeated injections of the same dose of the crude extract have been seen to produce tachyphylaxis. A sustained fall in BP of anesthetized animals and weak antiacetylcholine effect has been reported.[38]
Cassia occidentalis
(Family unit: Caesalpiniaceae; Mutual name: Coffee weed). It is a small tree growing v to viii m in meridian. The leaf of this plant is used in local folk medicine as an antihypertensive agent. In vitro studies of the foliage excerpt take shown a relaxant upshot on the aortic rings. The studies revealed that cassia extract may exist relaxing smooth muscle and reducing BP by inhibiting Catwo+ influx through receptor-operated channel and voltage-sensitive channel, showing its nonselectivity on these Ca2+ channels.[39]
Castanospermum australe
(Family unit: Fabaceae; Common name: Black bean). Rough extract of C. australe has been reported to cause a fall in systolic as well as diastolic BP in a dose-dependent mode (1-100 mg/kg). This fall in BP has been attributed to the saponin fraction and medicogenic acrid glucoside present in the rough extract.[twoscore]
Coleus forskohlii
(Family unit: Lamiaceae; Common proper name: Karpurvali). The pharmacological backdrop of coleonol, a diterpene, isolated from C. forskohlii, have been investigated. Its predominant outcome has been to lower the BP of anesthetized true cat and rat as well as of the spontaneously hypertensive rat due to relaxation of the vascular shine muscle. In small doses, information technology has a positive inotropic issue on isolated rabbit heart as well as on cat heart in vivo. Coleonol also exhibits nonspecific spasmolytic activity on smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract in diverse species, but not on bronchial musculature of guinea grunter. Large doses of coleonol have a depressant activeness on the central nervous system.[41]
Commelina virginica
(Family: Commelinaceae; Common name: Virginia dayflower). Information technology is a perennial herbaceous found in the dayflower family. It is native to the mideastern and southeastern U.s.a.. Whole institute extract has been reported to decrease the tension of phenylephrine-stimulated isolated guinea grunter aorta rings past fifteen to 35%.[29]
Crataegus pinnatifida
(Family: Rosaceae; Common proper noun: Chinese Hawthorn). It has been used in China equally a decoction for treatment of HTN for thousands of years. Pharmacological and clinical trials have shown that information technology lowers BP. The two main substances that contribute to hawthorn's benign furnishings on heart are flavonoids and oligomeric procyanidins, which are strong antioxidant agents. Rhynchophylline, an alkaloid in cat'south claw, has demonstrated an ability to inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombosis, which suggests that it may exist useful in preventing strokes and reducing the risk of eye attack by lowering BP, increasing circulation, and inhibiting both the germination of plaque on arterial walls and formation of blood clots in the brain, eye, and arteries.[42] In experiments with anesthetized rabbits, intravenous administration of the extract preparation lowered the BP for up to three hours.[43] Grataegic acid was identified equally the hypotensive principle. Mechanisms of action of Crataegus postulated to date reveal a remedy with potentially broad-based influence on the cardiovascular system. These effects include a hypotensive action through vasorelaxation resulting from nitrous oxide stimulation,[44] significant antioxidant activity, and a tonic action on cardiac myocytes.[45]
Crinum glaucum
(Family: Amaryllidaceae; Mutual name: River Lily, Swamp Lily). C. glaucum used traditionally in Western Nigeria for treatment of asthma was investigated for its effects on respiratory and cardiovascular functions. Increasing doses of the aqueous extract caused an increment in tidal volume (increase in ventilatory rate and depth) and a respective decrease in both systolic and diastolic pressures.[46]
Cuscuta reflexa
(Family: Cuscutaceae; Common name: Behemothic clump). Crude extract of C. reflexa has been reported to cause a decrease in systolic and diastolic BP also as HR in anesthetized rats. The antihypertensive activity and bradycardia produced were found to be dose-dependent, just the subtract in HR was observed at slightly higher doses. Pretreatment with atropine (1 mg/kg) did not abolish the cardiovascular responses to C. reflexa.[47]
Daucus carota
(Family: Umbelliferae; Mutual proper name: Carrot). It has been used in traditional medicine to treat HTN. Activity-directed fractionation of aeriform parts of D. carota resulted in the isolation of ii coumarin glycosides coded as DC-2 and DC-three. Intravenous assistants of these compounds caused a dose-dependent (1–x mg/kg) fall in arterial BP in NMT anesthetized rats. In the in vitro studies, both compounds caused a dose-dependent (x–200 μg/ml) inhibitory consequence on spontaneously beating guinea sus scrofa atria likewise as on the K+ -induced contractions of rabbit aorta at similar concentrations. These results indicate that DC-2 and DC-3 may exist acting through blockade of calcium channels, and this result may exist responsible for the BP-lowering outcome of the compounds observed in the in vivo studies.[48] Ii new guaiane-blazon sesquiterpene terpenoids containing an interesting epoxy unit, daucuside and daucusol, accept been isolated from fruits of D. carota.[49]
Desmodium styracifolium
(Family unit: Leguminosae; Common name: Osbeck). Preparations from the dry out leaves and stem of the plant injected intravenously into anesthetized dogs increased coronary circulation, lowered arterial BP, slowed HR, and decreased the oxygen consumption of the centre.[43] The cardiovascular pharmacology of aqueous extracts of D. styracifolium (DSE) and Clematis chinensis (CCE) was studied in rats both in vivo and in vitro by Ho et al. in 1982. DSE produced two successive hypotensive actions: the offset one mediated through cholinergic receptor stimulation, whereas the second was potentiated by blockades of autonomic ganglion and alpha-adrenoceptor. In contrast to DSE, CCE produced merely one hypotensive response, which was mediated through histaminergic activeness. Furthermore, both extracts relaxed isolated methoxamine-preconstricted helical tail avenue strips. CCE too produced both negative chronotropic and inotropic effects on isolated atria, whereas DSE showed positive chronotropic effect, without apparent outcome on the contractile force.[fifty]
Fuchsia magellanica
(Family unit: Onagraceae; Common name: Hardy Fuchsia, Chiko, Tilco). This institute is native to Southern Argentina and Chile. Infusion of the leaf extract reduces torso temperature, acts every bit a diuretic, and lowers BP.[51] Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. investigated the ethanol/aqueous extracts of this species in NMT rats and found a moderate to stiff reduction in the hateful arterial pressure level.[52]
Glycine max
(Family: Fabaceae Common proper noun: Soybean) . Soybean has been found to exist effective as a hypotensive agent. One study has shown a very small-scale reduction in BP, whereas other study shows no benefit.[53]
Gossypium barbadense
(Family unit: Malvaceae; Common name:Pima cotton). It is a tropical perennial plant that produces yellow flowers and has black seeds. A study has shown that the leaf extract of the plant decreased the tension of phenylephrine-stimulated isolated guinea pig aorta rings by 15 to 35%. In Suriname's traditional medicine, the leaves of the plant are used to care for HTN and delayed/irregular menstruation.[29]
Hibiscus sabdariffa
(Family: Malvaceae; Mutual name: Roselle). This happens to be one of the about extensively studied plants for antihypertensive properties. The leaves, calyx, and corolla of this plant are used traditionally in many West African countries for various medicinal purposes and as edibles. The antihypertensive effect of this establish extract has been variously studied. Ane report reported the antihypertensive issue of calyx of HS.[54] A similar result was independently produced in Lagos, Nigeria past Adegunloye et al.[55] An intravenous assistants of 20 mg/kg of a water extract of dry out HS calyx produced a fall in the BP of experimentally induced hypertensive rats. The antihypertensive furnishings of the crude extract of the HS have been attributed to mediation through acetylcholine and histamine like dependent mechanism through straight vasorelaxant effects.[55] Before report showed that the petal crude extract of aforementioned plant had a directly relaxant effect on the aortic smooth muscle of rats.[56] The chronic administration of aqueous extract of HS has been reported to opposite cardiac hypertrophy in renovascular hypertensive rats.[57]
Clinical trials of the plant extract in human being have shown reliable evidence of antihypertensive furnishings. A standardized dose of HS (nine.6 mg per day) given to 39 patients and captopril, 50 mg per day, given to the same number of patients did not evidence significant difference relative to hypotensive effects, antihypertensive effectiveness and tolerability.[58]
Lavandula stoechas
(Family unit: Lamiaceae; Common name: French Lavender). Crude extract of L. stoechas has been reported to produce a autumn in BP and HR in anesthetized NMT rats. Pretreatment of atropine abolished the cardiovascular responses, suggesting that the antihypertensive and bradycardia effects of the crude excerpt may be mediated through mechanism(s) similar to that of acetylcholine.[59]
Lepidium latifolium
(Family unit: Cruciferae; Common proper name: Rompepiedra or Stone breaker). This plant has been used as a folk medicine in the Canary Islands for renal lithiasis. It has been institute to have hypotensive effect due to its diuretic action in rat. The aqueous leaf excerpt given in doses of l and 100 mg/kg through intraperitoneal and oral routes, respectively, produced significant and dose-dependent diuretic and hypotensive activities. The written report went further to extrapolate the diuretic action of the extract from rats to man, using the activity of furosemide in both cases as guideline. The standard daily dose for L. latifolium in homo was 3 to 5 g/solar day in the grade of tea, which is equivalent to 43 to 71 mg/kg body weight in a 70 kg subject area.[60]
Linum usitatissimum
(Family unit: Linaceae; Mutual proper noun: Linseed, Flaxseed). It is an annual herb believed to have originated in Egypt. Linseed and its oil are rich in α-linolenic acid, an essential fatty acrid that appears to be beneficial for the heart diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, and other health issues. α-linolenic acid belongs to a group of substances called omega-3 fatty acids. Several studies suggest that diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids lower BP significantly in people with HTN. Flaxseed may protect against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease through a number of mechanisms, including reducing serum cholesterol, platelet aggregation, and inflammatory markers; improving glucose tolerance; and acting as an antioxidant. Daily consumption of fifteen to 50 g/twenty-four hour period of ground flaxseed can modestly reduce total cholesterol and depression-density lipoprotein concentrations without altering triglycerides or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, the exact mechanism is unclear.[61]
Lumnitzera racemosa
(Family: Combretaceae; Common name: Black Mangrove). It is a handsome shrub or a small tree found on the coast of India and on the Andaman and Nicobar Island. According to folk medicine, the fruits of this institute are curative in peel disorders and useful for treating snake and insect bites. Antihypertensive action has been reported for the aqueous acetone extract of the constitute. The antihypertensive activity of eleven hydrolysable tannins contained in the leaves of L. racemosa has been investigated. From the screening in spontaneously hypertensive rats, corilagin, castalagin, and chebulinic acid were identified every bit the major agile substances.[62]
Lycopersicon esculentum
(Family: Solanaceae; Common name: Tomato plant). Tomato extract contains carotenoids, such every bit lycopene, beta carotene, and vitamin East, which are known as constructive antioxidants, to inactivate free radicals and to irksome the progress of atherosclerosis. A written report showed that extract of tomato (Lyc-O-Mato) modestly reduces BP in patients with mild, untreated HTN.[63] A significant correlation has been observed between systolic BP and lycopene levels. Lycopersicon esculentum extract when added to patients treated with low doses of ACE inhibition, calcium channel blockers, or their combination with depression-dose diuretics had a clinically significant effect-reduction of BP by more than 10 mmHg systolic and more than than five mmHg diastolic pressure. No side effects to treatment were recorded and the compliance with treatment was loftier.[64]
Moringa oleifera
(Family unit: Moringaceae; Common name: Murungai). In anesthetized rats, the crude extract of the leaves of M. oleifera caused a fall in systolic, diastolic, and mean BP in a dose-dependent manner. The antihypertensive consequence was brief, returning to normal within 2 minutes. 60 minutes was not affected significantly, except at loftier doses (iii and 10 mg/kg), which produced a modest caste of bradycardia. It was also established that thiocarbamate and isothiocyanate fractions of the crude extract were responsible for the antihypertensive activity.[65]
Musanga cecropiodes
(Family: Cecropiaceae; Common name: Umbrella tree, Cork Wood). It is a chop-chop growing institute ubiquitous to the tropical pelting forests, specially of West Africa. The ethanol extract of the institute stem bark has been reported to accept antidiarrheal activity.[66] Several workers have demonstrated the scientific efficacy of the latex and the leaf extract as a vasorelaxant, and therefore a hypotensive agent.[67] The h2o extract of the stem bawl has been reported to produce a dose-dependent reduction in mean arterial BP, which fell by 4.51 ± 0.5 mmHg at the dose of 10 mg/kg and 65.23 ± half dozen.28 mmHg at 40 mg/kg dose.[68]
Ocimum basilicum
(Family: Lamiaceae; Common proper name: Basil). It has been reported that a crude excerpt of O. basilicum causes a autumn in systolic, diastolic, and mean BP in a dose-dependent way with median effective dose of thirty mg/kg. The antihypertensive effect is brief and returns to normal inside two minutes. This cardiovascular issue of the extract has been attributed to eugenol, which exerts its effect by blocking the calcium channels.[69]
Peganum harmala
(Family: Nitrariaceae; Common name: Harmal). The rough extract fraction and all pure compounds: harmine, harmaline, tetrahydroharmine, harmol, and harmaloi from P. harmala produced antihypertensive furnishings in anesthetized rats in a dose-dependent style.[70]
Phyllanthus amarus
(Family: Euphorbiaceae; Mutual name: Nela nelli). This constitute is used every bit a diuretic and to lower BP in traditional medicine practice. Amaechina and Omogbai reported that intravenous administration of the aqueous extract of the leaves of this plant (five-fourscore mg/kg) to anesthetized NMT male rabbits produced a pregnant autumn in mean diastolic, systolic, and mean arterial pressures in a graded dose-response fashion. The dose of 5 mg/kg produced the to the lowest degree hypotensive effect, causing a autumn in mean diastolic, systolic, and hateful arterial pressure of xiii.iii ± 3.1, 19.7 ± 5.4, and xiv.iii ± three.4 mmHg, respectively, whereas the dose of 80 mg/kg produced the greatest fall in mean diastolic, systolic, and hateful arterial pressure of 49.seven ± vii.9, 45.5 ± 9.5, and 48.00 ± 6.five mmHg, respectively. The extract produced greater depressant effect on the diastolic BP than the systolic BP.[71]
Pinus pinaster
(Family unit: Pinaceae; Mutual name: Maritime Pine). Pycnogenol is an extract from French maritime pino bawl. It is about ordinarily known as a treatment for venous insufficiency and other vascular weather. But it is being studied for a long list of other conditions, including HTN. Preliminary clinical research shows that pycnogenol 200 mg/day can modestly lower BP in people with mild HTN. It has been reported to act by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzymes.[72]
Pueraria lobata
(Family: Fabaceae; Common name: Kudzu). The dry root of this constitute is officially listed and used in Mainland china every bit a muscle relaxant, antipyretic, and for the handling of dysentery and HTN.[73] The total isoflavones, from the ethanol extract of roots, accept shown hypotensive effect on anesthetized dogs and unanesthetized hypertensive dogs.[74] The isoflavone-puerarin, when administered intravenously at a dose range of 100 to 200 mg, in clinical trials to patients suffering from HTN or angina pectoris, showed a decrease in claret catecholamine levels, BP, and 60 minutes.[75]
Punica granatum
(Family: Lythraceae; Mutual proper name: Pomegranate). Pomegranate juice is becoming a more pop fruit potable. Research shows that pomegranate reduces the activity of angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) by about 36%. Clinical enquiry reveals contradictory results. Ane study shows modest reduction in systolic BP later drinking 50 ml/twenty-four hour period of pomegranate juice for a year. Another study shows no do good subsequently drinking 240 ml/solar day of the juice for iii months.[76]
Raphanus sativus
(Family: Cruciferae; Mutual name: Radish): The plant has been found to accept antihypertensive activity. Isolated tissue preparations were suspended in tissue baths containing Krebs solution, while acute toxicity study was performed in mice for 24 hours. The extract caused a dose-dependent (0.1-3 mg/kg) fall in BP and HR of rats that was mediated through an atropine-sensitive pathway. In isolated republic of guinea-hog atria, it showed dose-dependent (0.03-3.0 mg/ml) inhibition of force and rate of contractions. In the atropine-treated tissues, the inhibitory outcome was abolished and a cardiac stimulant consequence was unmasked, which was resistant to adrenergic and serotonergic receptor blockade. In the endothelium-intact rat aorta, information technology inhibited phenylephrine-induced contractions, which was blocked by atropine. The excerpt was safe in mice upwardly to the dose of ten g/kg. The study showed that the cardiovascular inhibitory effects of the plant are mediated through activation of muscarinic receptors, thus possibly justifying its utilise in HTN.[77]
Rauwolfia serpentina
(Family: Apocynaceae; Mutual proper noun: Rauwolfia). It is a tropical woody plant ingenious to Asia, South America, and Africa. Extracts of its dissimilar parts and of plants resembling to rauwolfia were used in Hindu medicine for snakebite, insomnia, insanity, and many other diseases and complaints. This is considered to exist the virtually powerful hypotensive constitute. Reserpine, the purified alkaloid of R. serpentina, was the first potent drug widely used in the long-term treatment of HTN. Only a pocket-size dose is required to achieve results and to avert side effects. Nasal congestion is the near common side effect. In 1952, reserpine was introduced under the name Serpasil in the treatment of HTN, tachycardia, and thyrotoxicosis. The combination of reserpine, dihydroergocristine, and a diuretic is yet on the market (Brinerdin, Crystepin).[78]
Rhaptopetalum coriaceum oliver
(Family: Scytopetalaceae) . A decoction of the constitute stalk bawl is traditionally prepared or soaked in locally distilled gin and taken as a remedy for HTN. Preliminary studies carried out on the plant stalk bawl excerpt showed its BP-lowering effects on NMT rats. In vitro studies of its vasodilatory machinery revealed its activeness to exist through calcium aqueduct blockade, at a concentration of 0.ii mg/ml of R. coriaceum extract. This was done through inhibition of Ca2+ release and blockade of potential sensitive channels and receptor-operated channels by inhibiting noradrenaline and KCl-induced Ca2+ influx. Results from the in vitro studies suggest that ethanol extract of R. coriaceum may be more stiff equally calcium aqueduct blocker than nifedipine.[79]
Sesamum indicum
(Family: Pedaliaceae; Common proper noun: Sesame). Alcoholic excerpt of seeds (ane–30 mg/kg) caused hypotension in anesthetized rats. A fall in systolic as well equally diastolic BP in dose-dependent fashion was observed. HR was found to decrease at slightly higher doses (10-30 mg/kg). Atropine (two mg/kg) was reported to abolish the cardiovascular responses, indicating the presence of acetylcholine-like substance in the seeds. Sesamin and sesaminol are the major phenolic constituents of sesame oil. A study in hypertensive patients indicated that sesame oil consumption remarkably reduced oxidative stress and simultaneously increased glutathione peroxidase, superoxidase dismutase, and catalase activities. These results support the hypothesis that sesame oil consumption may help to enhance antioxidant defence system in homo beings. The investigators suggested that sesamin is a useful safe treatment in HTN and cardiovascular hypertrophy.[80]
Solanum sisymbriifolium
(Family: Solanaceae; Common Name: Sticky Nightshade, Wild Love apple). The root of Due south. sisymbriifolium Lam., a perennial herb, has been used as a traditional medicine possessing diuretic and antihypertensive properties in Paraguay. The hypotensive effect of the rough hydroalcoholic extract from root was investigated both in NMT and hypertensive rats. The intravenous administration of the extract (50 and 100 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease in BP in anesthetized hypertensive (adrenal regeneration HTN + deoxycorticosterone acetate) rats. Oral administration of the extract (10, 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg) too produced a dose-dependent hypotensive consequence in conscious hypertensive animals. In anesthetized NMT rats, the excerpt (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.5) also induced hypotension in a dose-dependent manner. Lastly, no significant event on BP was produced by the excerpt when administered orally (10, fifty, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) to witting NMT rats.[81] In some other study, nuatigenosido was isolated from the excerpt as one of the prospective active compounds. Nuatigenosido at 100 ΅k/kg and ane mg/kg i.v lowered BP in rats and at 10−6 and 10−5 M augmented the contractile force in the correct atrium of a bullfrog, and at x−vii M increased the overshoot amplitude in frog atrial myocytes, activity potential durations were shortened, the calcium electric current was increased, and the delayed outward potassium current was increased. The results suggested that nuatigenosido may play an important role in the therapeutic furnishings of this herb.[82]
Theobroma cacao
(Family: Malvaceae; Common names: Chocolate, Cocoa Bean, Cocoa Butter). Cocoa powder, enriched with flavonoid constituents, is used for preventing cardiovascular disease. Flavonoids, independent in chocolate, stimulate formation of nitric oxide, increase vasodilatation, and reduce endothelial dysfunction. A growing body of clinical research besides shows that daily consumption of dark or milk chocolate (T. cacao), 46 to 105 g daily, providing 213 to 500 mg of cocoa polyphenols, can lower systolic BP past almost 5 mmHg and diastolic by virtually 3 mmHg.[83]
Triticum aestivum
(Family: Poaceae/Gramineae; Mutual names: Bran, Wheat bran). It has been reported that increasing dietary wheat bran intake by 3 to 6 chiliad/24-hour interval modestly reduces systolic and diastolic BP.[84]
Uncaria rhynchophylla
(Family: Rubiaceae; Common name: Cat's Claw herb). In traditional oriental medicine, U. rhynchophylla has been used to lower BP and to relieve diverse neurological symptoms. The hypotensive activity has been attributed to an indole alkaloid called hirsutine, which has been found to human action at the Catwo+ channels.[71] The effects of hirsutine on cytosolic Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]cyt) were studied past using fura-ii- Ca2+ fluorescence in smooth muscle of the isolated rat aorta. Noradrenaline and high K+ solution produced a sustained increment in [Ca2+ ]cyt. Application of hirsutine after the increases in [Caii+ ]cyt induced by noradrenaline and high K+ notably decreased [Ca2+ ]cyt, suggesting that hirsutine inhibits Ca2+ influx mainly through a voltage-dependent Catwo+ channel. Furthermore, the effect of hirsutine on intracellular Ca2+ store was studied by using contractile responses to caffeine under the Catwo+ -free nutrient condition in the rat aorta. When hirsutine was added at xxx μM before caffeine treatment, the agent slightly simply significantly reduced the caffeine-induced wrinkle. When added during Caii+ loading, hirsutine definitely augmented the contractile response to caffeine. These results suggest that hirsutine inhibits Ca2+ release from the Ca2+ store and increases Ca2+ uptake into the Catwo+ store, leading to a reduction of intracellular Ca2+ level. It is concluded that hirsutine reduces intracellular Catwo+ level through its effect on the Ca2+ store as well as through its effect on the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel.[85]
A methanol extract of the hooks of an Uncaria species was constitute to take a stiff and long-lasting hypotensive effect in rats and the activity was different from that of U. rhynchophylla and its analogue. Farther studies of the extract resulted in the isolation of three-indole alkaloid, glycoside, cadambine, dihydrocadambine, and isodihydrocadambine. The latter two were plant to be the hypotensive principles, whereas cadambine was inactive.[86]
Viscum album
(Family: Santalaceae; Common proper name: Mistletoe). The aqueous extracts of V. album leaves have shown significant coronary vasodilator activity on the Langendorff'due south isolated and perfused heart model. The data obtained suggest that the aqueous extract of Five. album contains some biologically active principles that may act as inducer of the nitric oxide/soluble guanylate cyclase pathway.[87] The effect of the crude aqueous extract from mistletoe leaves was studied on arterial BP and 60 minutes in albino Wistar rats nether pentobarbitone anesthesia. The crude excerpt produced a significant decrease in BP, that is, 11.28, 23.98, and xviii.80% in the NMT, renal artery occluded hypertensive (ROH), and sham-induced hypertensive (SIH) treated subgroups. The depression produced past the extract on the corresponding Hour was not significant in the NMT, ROH, or SIH subgroups. Propranolol blocked the activeness of the excerpt on BP. Still, atropine did not foreclose the extract-induced low of BP. The extract-blocked noradrenaline induced increment in BP in the NMT. The results suggested that the mistletoe extract produces antihypertensive effect without alteration in Hr, possibly involving sympathetic machinery.[88]
Vitex doniana
(Family unit: Verbenaceae; Common name: Blackness plum). Ladeji et al. investigated the effect of oral administration of the extract of this constitute on BP of rats. The excerpt was establish to exert hypotensive outcome. Both the systolic and diastolic BPs were significantly reduced within 45 min after oral assistants of the excerpt. The BP began to return to normal subsequently 2 hours.[89]
Zingiber officinale
(Family: Zingiberaceae; Common name: Ginger). Ginger root is commonly used in Asian cooking. It acts to meliorate blood circulation and relaxes muscles surrounding blood vessels. The crude excerpt of ginger (Zo.Cr) induced a dose-dependent (0.3-iii mg/kg) fall in the arterial BP of anesthetized rats. In guinea pig paired atria, Zo.Cr exhibited a cardiodepressant activity on the rate and force of spontaneous contractions. In rabbit thoracic aorta preparation, Zo.Cr relaxed the phenyl ephrine-induced vascular wrinkle at a dose ten times higher than that required against One thousand+ (80 mM)-induced contraction. Ca2+ channel-blocking activity was confirmed when Zo.Cr shifted the Ca2+ dose-response curves to the right, like to the result of verapamil. These information betoken that the BP-lowering effect of ginger is mediated through occludent of voltage-dependent calcium channels.[ninety] Chronic administration of Pet ether extract (PE) (50 mg/kg/twenty-four hour period; po), toluene fraction (10 mg/kg/day; po) of ginger rhizome, and Korean ginseng extract (KGE) (thirty mg/kg/day; po) significantly reduced the BP in deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-induced hypertensive rats, whereas PE (l mg/kg/twenty-four hours; po) and KGE (30 mg/kg/day; po) reduced the BP in fructose-induced hypertensive rats. The mechanism of activity may partly involve the serotonergic antagonistic holding.[91] Human trials for hypotensive outcome of ginger accept been few and generally used a depression dose with inconclusive results.[92]
The renewed interest in the search for new drugs from natural sources, especially from plant sources, has gained global attention during the last 2 decades. The tropical rain forests have become an important point of this activity, primarily due to the rich biodiversity they harbor, which promises a high multifariousness of chemicals with the potential novel structures. However, of this rich biodiversity, only a small portion has been studied for its medicinal potential. Thus, natural plants and herbs can be our source of drugs, with fewer side effects and better bioavailability for treatment of HTN in hereafter.
Footnotes
Source of Back up: Aught
Conflict of Involvement: None declared
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